Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with history of recurrent urinary stone * Age greater than or equal to 18 years old * Have more than 2 episodes of radio-opaque stone disease (bilateral stones were counted as two episode) Patients with no history of urinary stone disease * Age greater than or equal to 18 years old * With no history of urinary calculi, from history and imaging. Exclusion criteria: * Patient refused or unable to provide consent for the study * Patient with active urinary infection * Patient with radiolucent stone or infective stone * Patients with no history of urinary stone disease (for control group) * Patient refused or unable to provide consent for the study * Patient with active urinary infection