Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Unilateral inguinal hernia according to preoperative physical examination and imaging examination. The inclusion criteria were as follows: primary inguinal hernia. Exclusion Criteria: * Age below 18 years or older than 80. recurrent hernia, incarcerated hernia, strangulated hernia, and other types of hernias. Patients not suitable for general anesthesia. Patients requiring open surgery; patients requiring emergency surgery Loss to follow-up or communication difficulties, or poor compliance.