Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. For patients with chronic neck pain: * Pain was unilateral or bilateral between the superior nuchal line and 1st thoracic vertebra, * Neck pain persisting for 3 months and above, * Average pain intensity of last pain episode was between 2 and 8 based on the numerical rating scale (NRS) 2. Healthy asymptomatic adults: * Do not have any complaints of current pain and impairments of neuromusculoskeletal systems within the last 6 months Exclusion Criteria: * acute or the first onset of neck pain * previous fracture or surgery of the spine * diagnosed cardiopulmonary diseases, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema * diagnosed gastrointestinal and abdominal conditions which may interfere daily activities within the past 6 months * medical conditions that may affect balance and study procedures (e.g. neurological diseases, vestibular disorders, malignant tumors) * metabolic diseases such as anemia and diabetes * smoking, plan to pregnant or in pregnancy * psychological disorders (affect questionnaire responses) * unable to walk independently * Corrected visual abnormalities or individuals unable to wear contact lenses for vision correction due to the potential interference of wearing VR head-mounted display with glasses