Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * a relatively uniform and non-clinical population Exclusion Criteria: * any history of neurological disorders, vestibular dysfunction, musculoskeletal injuries affecting the lower limbs or spine within the preceding six months * or any condition known to impair balance. Individuals with visual impairments not corrected by lenses * taking medications that could influence neuromuscular performance or postural control * those engaged in specialized balance training or high-level athletic activities were also excluded to minimize potential confounding effects.