Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: The AC group included participants that met the following criteria, based on a previous study conducted by Ramirez \[2\] : 1. clinical diagnosis of unilateral AC by an orthopedic specialist, with the limitation of both active and passive glenohumeral ROM, exceeding 25% in at least two of the following planes: flexion, abduction, and external rotation 2. symptom duration between 3 and 12 months 3. no prior surgery to the involved shoulder 4. age between 40 and 60 years. -The control group consisted of healthy individuals of comparable age and sex distribution with no history of shoulder pain, injury, or pathology Exclusion Criteria: 1. history of shoulder fracture, dislocation, or surgery; 2. corticosteroid or muscle relaxant use within the previous three months 3. cardiovascular or respiratory conditions that could limit physical testing 4. concurrent participation in structured shoulder strengthening programs 5. inability to perform the isokinetic assessment protocol safely 6. systemic musculoskeletal, neurological or rheumatologic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and cervical radiculopathy. Individuals with diabetes mellitus were excluded due to its well-established association with AC.