Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 years or older; no gender restriction. * Diagnosis of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation confirmed by electrocardiogram or ambulatory electrocardiogram, and undergoing the first cardiac ablation procedure. * Willing and able to provide informed consent and comply with all study follow-up requirements. Exclusion Criteria: * Atrial fibrillation secondary to electrolyte imbalance, thyroid disorders, or other reversible or non-cardiac causes. * Previous left atrial ablation or cardiac surgery involving the left atrium, including left atrial appendage occlusion. * Left atrial or left atrial appendage thrombus. * Pulmonary vein stenosis or previous pulmonary vein stent implantation. * Previous atrial septal repair or atrial myxoma. * Left atrial anterior-posterior diameter ≥ 50 mm. * Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \< 40%. * New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV. * Cerebrovascular disease within the past 3 months, including stroke or transient ischemic attack. * Cardiovascular events within the past 3 months, including acute myocardial infarction, coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, artificial valve replacement or repair, or atrial or ventricular incision surgery. * Acute or severe systemic infection. * Severe liver or kidney disease. * Obvious bleeding tendency or hematological disease. * Malignant tumor or end-stage disease. * Rheumatic heart disease. * Pregnancy or breastfeeding, or inability to use contraception during the study. * Concurrent participation in another drug or device clinical trial. * Any other abnormality or disease that, in the investigator's judgment, makes the subject unsuitable for participation in this study.