Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Clinical: - * Healthy cooperative children with an age range of 4 - 8 years. * Nonvital deep carious mandibular primary second molars with sufficient coronal structure and at least 2/3rd root structure intact. * Pulp exposure where bleeding couldn't be stopped following removal of the coronal pulp tissue * Previous history of irreversible pulpitis signs and symptoms as spontaneous pain, percussion sensitivity, fistulous tract related to the involved tooth, and pathologic tooth mobility (grade-I mobility) Radiographic: * Adequate alveolar bone support (coverage by the bone of minimum two- thirds of at least one root). * Presence of interradicular radiolucency (discontinuity of lamina dura and/or furcation involvement less than or equal to half of the shortest root). Exclusion Criteria: Clinical: * Non-restorable primary molars with severe mobility (greater than grade-I mobility). * Children with systemic illness (any medically compromising condition). * Primary molars beyond possible repair. Radiographic: * Extensive internal resorption. * Extensive external pathological root resorption. * Obliteration of the root canal. * Physiological root resorption of more than a third of its length.