Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-65 years old, * had no verbal, * perceptual, or visual communication difficulties, * had not taken analgesic medication within the previous 24 hours, * had no fever at admission, * reported no acute or chronic pain, * had no previous history of syncope during PIC insertion Exclusion Criteria: * requested to leave the study, * felt unwell during PIC insertion, * were receiving chemotherapy, * had a previous surgical procedure in the planned insertion area, * had scarring, psoriasis, or active dermatitis at the insertion site, * required more than one attempt for PIC placement, or had undergone an invasive procedure in the same vein within the previous month