Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * \### Inclusion Criteria \*\*Hospitalized patients with heart failure:\*\* 1. Aged 20 years or older. 2. Diagnosed with heart failure by a physician and admitted to a general ward. 3. Normal cognitive function, defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≥24, or meeting the education-adjusted cutoff criteria. 4. Able to read Chinese and understand the questionnaire content. 5. Willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent. \*\*Community-dwelling patients with heart failure:\*\* 1. Aged 20 years or older. 2. Diagnosed with heart failure. 3. Normal cognitive function, defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≥24, or meeting the education-adjusted cutoff criteria. 4. Able to read Chinese and understand the questionnaire content. 5. Willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Hospitalized patients with heart failure: Presence of other major neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia or severe depression. Clinical deterioration requiring transfer to an intensive care unit. Terminal-stage cancer. Community-dwelling patients with heart failure: Presence of other major neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia or severe depression. A history of acute heart failure exacerbation within the past month, or hospitalization due to other medical conditions during the same period. Terminal-stage cancer.