Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients scheduled to undergo elective nephrectomy for benign or malignant renal conditions. * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I, II, or III. * New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification class I or II. Exclusion Criteria: * Preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 23 or less. * Documented history of dementia, neurological diseases, psychiatric illness, or active drug/psychotropic substance abuse prior to admission. * Preoperative hepatic encephalopathy grade III or IV. * Severe visual or hearing impairments that preclude effective patient - communication. * Emergency nephrectomy procedures. * Inability or refusal to provide written informed consent.