Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 40-70 years. * Unilateral adhesive capsulitis meeting the study diagnostic criteria. * Shoulder pain for more than 3 months. * Restriction of active and passive forward flexion to \<100°, external rotation to \<10°, and internal rotation to below the L5 spinous level. * No abnormality on standard anteroposterior and axillary radiographs. * Asymptomatic contralateral shoulder with full active range of motion and no history of shoulder surgery, fracture, dislocation, or adhesive capsulitis. * Ability to understand instructions, perform resisted shoulder tasks and maximal voluntary contractions, and complete questionnaires. Exclusion Criteria: * Bilateral adhesive capsulitis. * Full- or partial-thickness rotator cuff tear on ultrasound, calcific tendinitis, or glenohumeral osteoarthritis. * Previous shoulder surgery or fracture on either side. * Corticosteroid injection, hydrodilatation, or manipulation under anesthesia of the affected shoulder within the previous 3 months. * Neurologic disorder affecting the upper limbs or neuromuscular disease. * Inflammatory arthritis or systemic disease affecting muscle properties. * Skin lesions or allergy precluding electrode placement or ultrasound gel application. * Cognitive impairment preventing cooperation with the testing protocol.