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Acute Effects of Breathing Resistance During Exercise in Football Players
Sponsor: Karabuk University
Summary
This randomized crossover study will examine the immediate effects of breathing resistance during exercise in 35 active football players aged 18-30 years. Each participant will perform the same football-related field tests under two conditions: wearing an exercise mask that adds mechanical resistance to breathing, and without the mask. The order will be randomized, with at least 72 hours between sessions. Respiratory muscle strength will be assessed before and after exercise using maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, perceived exertion, breathlessness, repeated-sprint performance, and change-of-direction performance will be compared between conditions. The mask is considered a breathing-resistance device, not a method of producing genuine altitude exposure or hypoxia.
Official title: Effects of Exercise-Induced Breathing Resistance on Respiratory Muscle Function, Physiological Responses, and Football-Specific Physical Performance in Football Players
Key Details
Gender
All
Age Range
18 Years - 30 Years
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Enrollment
35
Start Date
2026-11-01
Completion Date
2027-06-30
Last Updated
2026-10-30
Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Interventions
Breathing-Resistance Exercise Mask
Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (Training Mask, Inc., USA), using the original manufacturer-labeled 9,000 ft resistance configuration during standardized repeated-sprint and 505 change-of-direction testing. Fit is adjusted individually; the same valve configuration is used for all participants. The label represents mechanical airflow resistance and does not establish hypoxia or altitude equivalence.
No-Mask Exercise
The same standardized warm-up, five 30-meter sprints with 30-second active recovery, and 505 change-of-direction testing are performed without a breathing-resistance mask. Sessions are separated by at least 72 hours and use comparable testing conditions.