Clinical Research Directory

Hope-Focused Motivational Interviewing in Cancer Patients

This study aims to examine the effects of hope-focused motivational interviewing on levels of hope, self-efficacy, and self-compassion in patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, using a randomized controlled design.

Digital Storytelling-Based Psychoeducation for Loneliness and Self-Efficacy in Adults Aged 65-74

This study is testing whether a psychoeducation program developed using digital storytelling affects loneliness and self-efficacy in adults aged 65 to 74. Participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or a comparison group. The study team assesses loneliness and self-efficacy in both groups and compares the results to examine the effects of the program.

Augmented Reality Virtual Patient Simulation to Enhance Social-Emotional Competence and Self-Efficacy in Nursing Students

This randomized crossover teaching practice study evaluates whether smart technology and media-integrated friendly childbirth education can improve nursing students' social-emotional competence and self-efficacy. All participants will receive both instructional conditions: virtual patient-based augmented reality learning (VP-AR) and VP-I. Students will be randomly assigned to one of two intervention sequences: VP-I followed by VP-AR (AB sequence) or VP-AR followed by VP-I (BA sequence). Outcomes will be assessed using validated questionnaires, scenario-based learning performance, and students' learning experiences.

CommunityRx-Dementia + Peer Navigation (CRxDpeer)

The CRxDpeer intervention, delivered by a trained peer navigator, in practice called a "peer mentor", includes three evidence-based components: (a) focused education about common social (e.g., food and housing insecurity) and caregiving (e.g., respite and end of life care) needs, (b) activation of personalized community resource information for social and caregiving needs through delivery of a resource list (HealtheRx) at the baseline encounter and coaching on how to communicate with service providers, coordinate services and manage social support (e.g., connect with their peer navigator, reach out to friends or relatives for support, identify support groups, etc.) and (c) ongoing navigation-focused support meant to boost the baseline intervention, including a series of proactive text messages over 12 months. During this time, the subject can respond to and communicate with the peer navigator for ongoing support.

Nutrition Labelling Education Program in Socioeconomically Vulnerable Areas - PILOT STUDY

Front-of-pack nutrition labels (FoPLs) have been adopted in many countries to help consumers rapidly assess the nutritional quality of foods and to encourage healthier choices. Among these schemes, interpretive systems such as Nutri-Score appear particularly promising, as their graphic design improves understanding and use compared with more complex or purely numerical formats. In France, where social inequalities in diet-related chronic diseases are pronounced, implementing and effectively using FoPLs is especially challenging in socioeconomically vulnerable areas. Seine-Saint-Denis, a department with a markedly higher prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases than the national average, offers a relevant setting to test prevention strategies embedded within routine care. The PEANUTS-PILOT project is a quasi-experimental before-after interventional pilot study conducted in primary care and hospital outpatient settings, with later extension to the social sector. It aims to obtain preliminary estimates of the effectiveness of a brief, literacy-sensitive nutrition education program focused on on-pack nutrition information (Nutri-Score, nutrition facts panel, claims and marketing elements) on self-efficacy, food literacy and the nutritional quality of purchase intentions among adults living in vulnerable territories. These estimates are intended to inform the design and sample-size calculation of a subsequent full-scale study

Deliberate Repetitive Practice and Nursing Student Confidence in Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Insertion

This study examined whether a structured deliberate repetitive practice (DRP) simulation scenario was associated with changes in prelicensure nursing students' self-reported confidence and preparedness for peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion. PIVC insertion is a foundational nursing skill, yet first-attempt failure rates are high and student confidence is often low. The DRP intervention consisted of standardized instruction, supervised repetitive practice on a patient simulator, and individualized feedback from a nurse educator. Pre- and post-intervention surveys measured students' confidence and preparedness using a researcher-developed three-item questionnaire. The study used a descriptive pre-post design at a single Midwestern university with prelicensure Bachelor of Science in Nursing students.

Fruit & Vegetable Consumption and Behavioral Determinants Among Health Profession Students

This is an ancillary study of National Clinical Trial (NCT) #06229262 (which was a clinical trial that examined the effect of a 12-week mango intervention in college/university students). The objective of this study is to characterize typical fruit and vegetable intake among healthcare profession students using existing dietary data the previously completed NCT#06229262 study, and to describe the associated behavioral context, including perceived barriers, facilitators, and fruit and vegetable-related self-efficacy, using survey data collected as part of this ancillary analysis.

Faculty Clinical Support Model for Nursing Internship Students: Self-Efficacy and Coping

This study evaluated changes in self-efficacy and coping abilities among nursing internship students following implementation of a Faculty Clinical Support Model (FCSM) at Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia. The FCSM is a structured faculty mentorship program in which each nursing intern is assigned a designated faculty mentor, with scheduled meetings at the start, midpoint, and end of each clinical rotation, and reflective debriefing sessions focused on stress, coping, and clinical decision-making. A single-group pre-post design was used. Self-efficacy and coping were measured at baseline (T0, July 2025) and at six months (T1, January 2026) using the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and the Placement Coping Scale (PCS). A five-item evaluation form assessed participants' perceived impact of the model. This study was registered retrospectively; prospective registration was not completed because the FCSM was implemented as a routine institutional support initiative and was not recognized at the time as meeting the ICMJE clinical trial definition.

The Effectiveness of Serious Game-Based Training for Nursing Students in Postpartum Haemorrhage Management

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the incremental effect of adding a web-based serious game to standard theoretical instruction on third-year nursing students' postpartum hemorrhage management knowledge, task-specific self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning. Using census recruitment, all 159 eligible students were invited, and 120 students consented and were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or control group (60 participants per group) using randomly permuted blocks of four. Both groups received the same three 40-minute theoretical sessions. The intervention group additionally completed an individual, self-paced, 30-50-minute browser-based serious game featuring a single branching postpartum hemorrhage scenario, clinical decision-making, and immediate physiological feedback. The control group received no additional educational activity before the immediate posttest assessment. Outcomes were assessed at baseline before randomization and immediately after the intervention or control condition. Outcome data were analyzed by an independent analyst blinded to group coding.Data will be collected using the PPK Management Knowledge and Skills Assessment Form and the PPK Management Self-Confidence Scale.

Going Places: A Multi-level Intervention to Improve Youth Transportation Efficacy and Physical Activity

Going Places is a community driven intervention to increase transportation self-efficacy among low-income youth, enabling access to community-based programs that promote physical activity and improve long term cardiometabolic health. Going Places was co-developed under the joint leadership of Duke and Durham Parks and Recreation (DPR). Going Places is pilot tested and fully functional. The intervention incorporates a multi-level approach that includes 1) workshops on navigating local transportation systems; 2) field trips and participatory assets mapping activities; and 3) youth transportation advocacy.

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Theory-Based Education and Counseling in Pregnant Adolescents

Adolescence is the period between the ages of 10 and 19, during which individuals undergo physiological, biological, psychological, and social development, transitioning from childhood to adulthood. Pregnancies occurring during this period are defined as adolescent pregnancies. In developing countries, approximately 21 million adolescent pregnancies occur annually among individuals aged 15-19, resulting in around 12 million births. According to national demographic data, a certain percentage of adolescent women have already started childbearing. Pregnancies occurring during this stage, when physical and psychosocial development is still incomplete, bring various medical and social challenges. Adolescent pregnancies are associated with increased maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity risks and are classified as high-risk pregnancies. Therefore, adolescent mothers require close follow-up during both the antenatal and postpartum periods. However, studies indicate that adolescent mothers often fail to attend regular antenatal check-ups, receive inadequate education on breastfeeding, and consequently feel unprepared for motherhood. They tend to have low breastfeeding self-efficacy and develop negative attitudes toward breastfeeding. In the postpartum period, they also experience difficulties in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding. Research highlights the need for education and counseling for adolescent mothers during the antenatal and postpartum periods. Providing education on breastfeeding is particularly important for improving maternal and infant health outcomes. Current approaches to breastfeeding counseling involve face-to-face training provided by healthcare professionals in medical institutions, as well as various alternative methods such as home visits, online/web-based education portals, theory-based training, text messages, emails, and phone consultations. In breastfeeding counseling, it is essential to not only provide education but also ensure continuous follow-up. Monitoring the process is expected to increase adolescent mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy, foster positive attitudes toward breastfeeding, and extend the duration of breastfeeding. This study aims to assess the effects of antenatal education based on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Theory and postpartum follow-up counseling on adolescent mothers' breastfeeding attitudes and self-efficacy. By enhancing their breastfeeding self-efficacy and attitudes, this study is expected to contribute to resolving challenges related to early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding in the postpartum period.

An MHH Intervention in Bangladesh Health Systems

Over 50% of Bangladeshi women and girls use old cloths as menstrual absorbents due to cost, comfort, and familiarity. A substantial proportion, comprising 52% of adolescent girls and 62% of women washed the cloths with soap and water. However, more than 60% dried it in hiding instead of drying openly under the sun and over 40% of adolescent and women stored the cloths in a secret place for reuse rather than with regular clothes. Nevertheless, the minimal alternatives often necessitate the use of locally available disposable sanitary pads despite the cost. Still there are some factors which jeopardize the proper menstrual health and hygiene. These include lack of suitable sanitation facilities, availability and accessibility to affordable quality hygienic menstrual products for adolescent girls and women at home, educational institutions and at workplaces, insufficient water, sanitation facilities with proper disposal methods for used products and prevailing taboos and misconception surrounding menstruation and menstrual health hygiene. Consequently, women and girls in Bangladesh adopt unsafe and unhygienic practices to manage menstruation and face significant challenges and health problems that impact various aspects of lives. There are limited options for menstrual hygiene management. Menstrual hygiene management product which is low-cost, comfortable, easy to use and made can be the sustainable option and also align with strategic directions of national menstrual hygiene management strategy-2021. This proposal addresses lack of a proper solution for menstrual hygiene management as a barrier to a quality life for a woman. Rather than trying to shift over 50% of menstruating women and girls into an environmentally unfriendly and high-cost method of using single-use disposable pads, the investigators will develop and trial a low-cost intervention to improve MHH practices among the women and girls in Bangladesh. Improving MHH facilities at household level through the community level health systems structure can improve MHH knowledge, practice. The investigators hypothesize that the combination of the participatory BCC materials addressing social marginalization, MHH, and reproductive health, the provision of Sultana cloth pads and Sultana washer and dryer bags, and MHH Working Group meetings will increase uptake (at least 70%) and acceptability, feasibility and willingness (at least 50%) to pay for intervention products, improve knowledge, practices of menstruating women and girls in Bangladesh. The objectives are to assess the acceptability and feasibility of using Sultana cloth pad and Sultana washer and dryer bags, to assess the effect of Sultana cloth pad and Sultana washer and dryer Bags on improved MHH knowledge and practices and to measure the impact on MHH self-efficacy and quality of life. This study will be a cRCT conducting near Dhaka. There will be 331 menstruating women and adolescent girls in each arm (control and intervention). Before conducting the cRCT, first the investigators will call for a consultative meeting of the prior "MHH Working Group" that the investigators formed as part of the BMGF-funded "Piloting menstrual hygiene management interventions among urban and rural schools in Bangladesh" project, align this proposed trial objectives and hold meetings, when required, to collect the feedback and discuss the process required to achieve the targeted policy changes and to scale out the MHH interventions (Sultana cloth pad and Sultana washer and dryer bags) in the health systems. The investigators will train relevant facilitators (FWV/CHCPs) to deliver monthly sessions on puberty, MHH, and SRHR to menstruating women and adolescent girls. The investigators will conduct baseline survey to explore current MHH knowledge, practices, attitudes self-efficacy and stigma. Then in the intervention clusters, the investigators will roll out the interventions through the existing reproductive health programs in the health system and community clinics to ensure broad outreach and accessibility. In the control clusters, the investigators will not implement any strategy. The investigators will conduct monthly fidelity assessments with randomly selected participants to explore whether the Sultana cloth pad, Sultana Washer and Dryer Bag are distributed and training is provided as planned, if the participants receive the intended quantity of materials and duration of engagement, quality of delivery, participant responsiveness (level of use, understanding, and satisfaction with the intervention products), reach (proportion of intended participants who received the intervention), and differentiation (ensuring control clusters do not receive or access intervention components) and any modifications (if any or required). Then an endline survey will be conducted to assess the improved MHH knowledge, practices, attitudes, intervention uptake and reduced stigma at the end of the cRCT.

IMPACT OF DIABETES HEALTHCARE PROGRAM ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL, SELF-EFFICACY AND DIABETES KNOWLEDGE AMONG TYPE-II DIABETICS IN ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN

Type-II Diabetes Mellitus is a significant public health challenge in Pakistan, characterized by a growing prevalence and substantial economic burden. The alarming rise in T2DM cases in Pakistan highlights the need for evidence-based solutions to control the disease. However, there is a notable knowledge gap in the effectiveness of diabetes healthcare program interventions in Pakistan. The goal of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to evaluate the effectiveness of a Diabetes Healthcare Program in improving glycemic control and enhancing Self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge in Type-II Diabetics in Islamabad, Pakistan. The main questions it aims to answer are whether the Diabetes Healthcare Program can reduce HbA1c levels and enhance Self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge in Type-II Diabetic patients. Researchers will compare the outcomes of 65 patients receiving the Diabetes Healthcare Program with 65 patients receiving standard care to see if the program improves glycemic control and enhances Self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge. Participants will attend 12 weeks of Diabetes Healthcare Program sessions, receive standard care from the hospital's diabetes department, and complete surveys and questionnaires to assess their Self-efficacy and glycemic control at baseline and after the 3 months intervention period.

Intervention to Help Orient Men to Excel (IN-HOME) Phase II Study

The goal of the study is to examine the effect of outreach from IN-HOME-trained CHWs on changes in male informal caregiver knowledge/skills, positive attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions about caregiving topics. The study will also assess the extent to which exposure to IN-HOME improves male caregivers' general, physical, and mental health and reduces interference with daily tasks due to health-related issues and satisfaction with the program and associated app.

Effect of a Chatbot on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy in Pediatric Medication Administration

This study looked at whether a chatbot can help nursing students feel more confident about giving medicines to children. Giving medicines to children is difficult because doses depend on the child's weight, and mistakes can be harmful. Third-year nursing students starting their pediatric clinical placement took part. They were divided by chance into two groups. Both groups received the usual training. One group also used a chatbot that helped with medicine dose calculations and answered questions about giving medicines to children, based on a trusted nursing textbook. The other group used only the usual references. Students' confidence in giving medicines to children was measured with a questionnaire before and after the placement. The study compared how much each group's confidence changed to see whether the chatbot added a benefit beyond the usual training.

Using Life's Essential 8 in Midlife Black Women

This research seeks to improve the Midlife Black Women's Stress Reduction and Wellness Intervention (B-SWELL), a program designed to lower heart disease risk in midlife Black women. The B-SWELL leverages stress reduction to facilitate the adoption and adherence to healthier lifestyle behaviors. This research study will use choice to increase engagement and minimize the effect of social determinants of health on research participation among midlife Black women. A comparative clinical trial will be conducted. Midlife Black women (ages 45-64) who reside in the Greater Cincinnati area will be recruited for participation. Women are eligible if they self-identify as Black/ African American, are between the ages of 45-64, and are willing to commit to the requirements of the study (e.g., attend 8 weekly sessions and 4 phone interviews). Participants will be randomly placed (like the flip of a coin) into either the B-SWELL or WE group. Both the B-SWELL and WE groups are 8-week programs that focus on healthy lifestyle behaviors and heart disease awareness. Women will have the choice to participate in person or virtually. Survey phone interviews will be conducted at baseline, 8-, 12-, and 16-weeks. Data collected will provide information about adherence, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and cardiovascular health. Heart health will be measured using the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 metric. Outcome measures include heart disease awareness, Life's Essential 8 score, stress, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and symptoms.

Development of a Mobile Application Called TansiyoRitim for Hypertension Patients

Based on King's Theory of Goal Success, this project is designed to develop a mobile application called TansiyoRitim for individuals over the age of 18 diagnosed with hypertension. The research consists of the following phases: creating educational content, designing the mobile application, and evaluating the application and its effectiveness. Within the scope of the research, participants' blood pressure control, self-efficacy levels, and treatment adherence behaviors will be assessed using valid and reliable measurement tools, and the goal is to support these behaviors through the developed mobile health application. Participants' clinical treatment processes, pharmacological treatment adjustments planned by the physician, and changes in medication dosages will be excluded from the scope of the project. No intervention will be made in the medical treatment currently being administered during the study; participants' routine clinical follow-up and treatment processes will continue within the framework of standard care. Only educational and mobile app-based supportive interventions will be implemented within the scope of the research.

NICU Utilization of Remote Voice Technology to Improve mateRnal Experience (NURTURE)

The study's objective is to conduct a Phase II randomized controlled trial examining the preliminary efficacy of the VoiceLove app compared to usual care on maternal postpartum depression in mothers with infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Primary aim: Assess the effects of VoiceLove on maternal postpartum depression, measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The estimates from this study will be used for a future definitive Phase III trial. Secondary aim: Assess feasibility, acceptability, and patterns of communication and engagement among mothers, partners, and NICU clinicians during the NICU hospitalization, measured through app usage metrics, satisfaction surveys, and qualitative interviews. Additionally, we will evaluate effects of infant length of stay.

Motivational Interviewing and Nursing Students' Clinical Practice Outcomes

Motivational interviewing is a collaborative and person-centered counseling approach aimed at enhancing individuals' intrinsic motivation. Nursing students often experience stress, anxiety, and low self-efficacy during clinical practice. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of motivational interviewing on nursing students' attitudes toward clinical practice, anxiety levels, and perceptions of self-efficacy. The study will be conducted using a randomized controlled design, and the potential of motivational interviewing as an effective psychological intervention in nursing education will be evaluated.

Constructivist Prenatal Education Effects

The Effect of a Constructivist-Based Prenatal Education Program on Pregnant Women's Fear of Childbirth, Pain Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy for Normal Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The Effect of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy and Metaverse Perception Regarding Pressure Injury Management

Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a largely preventable clinical problem that negatively impacts the quality of patient care and constitutes a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. The prevention and effective management of these ulcers are closely related to nurses' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy levels. However, current nursing education programs show a limited number of practice-based and interactive training approaches for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. In recent years, innovative and technology-supported training methods such as gamification and metaverse have emerged as promising approaches for improving students' knowledge and self-efficacy levels by increasing their active participation in learning processes. Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of gamified metaverse-based training developed for nursing students on their knowledge level, academic self-efficacy, and metaverse perception regarding pressure ulcer management. Method: The research was planned as a randomized controlled experimental design. The population of the study will consist of students studying in the nursing department. The sample size was calculated using G\*Power based on PUKAT 2.0-T scores; Assuming a two-way α=0.05 and power=0.80, at least 26 participants were selected for each group, and the total sample size was planned as 60 students, taking into account possible losses. Participants will be administered a Demographic Information Form, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Level Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), and the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups based on their pre-test scores. The intervention group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training and gamified metaverse-based training for two weeks, while the control group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training. Post-tests will be administered immediately after the intervention and one month later. In addition, the Metaverse Perception Scale will be administered to the intervention group. Data will be collected using the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students. Results: The obtained data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Conclusion: This research is expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of innovative digital education models in nursing education and contribute to the development of educational strategies for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

LaughterYogaStress

It is important for students to develop effective coping behaviors to manage stress, as this contributes to the formation of a positive professional identity. Studies have shown that stress negatively affects student success (Chapman and Orb, 2001; Chan, So, and Fong, 2009). First-year nursing students may particularly experience difficulties in performing clinical practice for the first time and communicating with healthcare professionals (Ağaçdiken et al., 2016; Pryjmachuk and Richards, 2007). Self-efficacy is one of the key factors determining how individuals handle and cope with stressful situations, and it serves as a protective factor in stress management. Various methods are used to cope with stress. In the Traditional Medicine Strategy report published by the World Health Organization, yoga is identified as a complementary medicine practice (WHO, 2013b). Laughter yoga is an exercise program that combines unconditional laughter with breathing techniques and is considered a non-invasive and non-pharmacological intervention (Strean, 2009). It activates muscles through laughter-related movements, enhances blood circulation, and contributes to reducing stress hormone levels (Yim, 2016). Therefore, laughter yoga will be used in this study to help students cope with stress and improve their self-efficacy levels. This study is designed as a randomized controlled trial with an experimental and a control group, using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The population of the study will consist of first-year nursing students at Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Health Sciences, during the 2024-2025 academic year. Data will be collected using an introductory characteristics form, the Perceived Stress Scale for Nursing Students, the Bio-Psycho-Social Response Scale for Nursing Students, the Stress Coping Behaviors Scale for Nursing Students, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Data analysis will be conducted using SPSS for Windows 22. Descriptive statistics will be used for all variables. The chi-square test will be applied to compare sociodemographic characteristics between groups, and the independent samples t-test will be used to compare differences between two independent groups.

MAG-PAIN - MAGnesium for Postoperative Analgesia In the Newly Delivered

The study aims to investigate whether a commonly used medicine, magnesium, can help reduce pain after a Caesarean section. A total of 150 participants will be included. Their usual medical care will not change, and participation is entirely voluntary. The purpose of the study is to determine whether magnesium can improve pain relief after surgery and support faster recovery and bonding with the newborn. Before the operation, potential participants will receive a text message containing a short questionnaire about their background and their expectations regarding postoperative pain. On the day of surgery, all patients will receive two intravenous lines as part of routine care. Those who participate in the study will be asked to rate how painful this insertion was on a scale from one to ten. The participants will then be randomly assigned to receive either magnesium or a saltwater solution through a 100 ml drip, which is administered after the baby is born. Neither participants nor the clinical staff will know which solution has been given, and no blood samples will be collected. After the procedure, participants will be asked several times about their pain level. During the first three days after the operation, each participant will receive one text message per day with a short questionnaire about their pain, general recovery, and early bonding with their newborn. Fourteen days after the operation, and again three months later, they will receive additional questionnaires similar to the earlier ones. Each questionnaire takes approximately five to seven minutes to complete, and no extra hospital visits are required. Magnesium can cause side effects, but the risks associated with the dose used in the study are low. The most common side effect is a brief burning sensation at the infusion site, which is not harmful. Magnesium is widely used in medical care, including in pregnant patients, and the study team considers the treatment safe. Because the medication is administered after birth, it does not affect the baby and does not increase risks during breastfeeding. All collected information will be handled securely and confidentially. Data will be coded so that individual participants cannot be directly identified, and only the research team will have access to the key linking codes to individuals. Participants have the right to access their data, request corrections, ask for deletion of their information, or limit how their data is used. The study has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, and results will be published in a scientific journal without identifying any participant. No financial compensation is provided, but participants are covered by the usual patient and medication insurance. To ensure that the study is conducted correctly, authorized monitors or authorities may compare study data with medical records. These individuals must sign confidentiality agreements. By giving consent to participate, individuals allow this review. All data will be stored according to legal archiving requirements. Participation in the study is completely voluntary. Individuals may withdraw at any time, and if they do, their collected data will be deleted. Their medical care before, during, and after the operation will not be affected by their decision to participate or withdraw.

Team Work and Creative Self-Efficacy

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of teamwork-based task learning on college students' cognition, attitudes, skills, and creative self-efficacy, and to explore its impact within innovative technology learning contexts.